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( F ) Mean fluorescence of iRBCs and RBCs normalized to 100% fluorescence of iRBCs at 405 nm excitation

On a cellular level, it disrupts the cell membranes of microbes by poking holes that make the cell leak

Comparisons between groups were performed using MannWhitney U test or KruskalWallis analysis of variance

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Henan Science and Technology Research Project (232102310065, 232102310303), Academic Technology Leader Program of Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University (SQ2023XSJSDTR01), Backbone Teachers Program of Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University (SQ2023GGJS06)

As a tripeptide antioxidant, glutathione neutralizes reactive oxygen species and helps maintain redox balance in skin cells, thereby reducing the signaling pathways that drive postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and photoinduced darkening

doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.09.009